The ASEdb data is derived from the following papers:

Ackermann, E. J., Ang, E. T.-H., Kanter, J. R., Tsigelny, I. and Taylor, P.. (1998). "Identification of pairwise interactions in the $alpha$-neurotoxin-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor complex through double mutant cycles". J. Biol. Chem. 273: 10958 - 10964. [refID 1]

Acton, T. B., Mead, J., Steiner, A. M. and Vershon, A. K.. (2000). "Scanning mutagenesis of Mcm1: residues required for DNA binding, DNA bending, and transcriptional activation by a MADS-box protein". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 1 - 11. [refID 68][Available online]

Ashkenazi, A., Presta, L. G., Marsters, S. A., Camerato, T. R., Rosenthal, K. A., Fendly, B. M. and Capon, D. J.. (1990). "Mapping the CD4 binding site for human immunodeficiency virus by alanine-scanning mutagenesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7150 - 7154. [refID 2]

Bass, S. H., Mulkerrin, M. G. and Wells, J. A.. (1991). "A systematic mutational analysis of hormone-binding determinants in the human growth hormone receptor". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4498 - 4502. [refID 3]

Brown, B. M., Milla, M. E., Smith, T. L., and Sauer, R. T.. (1994). "Scanning mutagenesis of the Arc repressor as a functional probe of operator recognition". Nature Struct. Biol. 1: 164 - 168. [refID 73]

Castro, M. M. and Anderson, S.. (1996). "Alanine pont-mutations in the reactive region of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor: effects on the kinetics and thermodynamics of binding to $eta$-trypsin and $alpha$-chymotrypsin". Biochemistry 35: 11435 - 11446. [refID 4]

Cedergren, L., Andersson, R., Jansson, B., Uhlen, M. and Nilsson, B.. (1993). "Mutational analysis of the interaction between staphylococcal protein A and human IgG1". Prot. Eng. 6: 441 - 448. [refID 5]

Chen, C. and Shapiro, R.. (1997). "Site-specific mutagenesis reveals differences in the structural bases for tight binding of RNase inhibitor to angiogenin and RNase A". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1761 - 1766. [refID 6][Available online]

Churchill, H. R., Andersen, P. S., Parke, E. A., Mariuzza, R. A., , . and Kranz, D. M.. (2000). "Mapping the energy of superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin C3 recognition of an alpha/beta T cell receptor using alanine scanning mutagenesis". J. Exp. Med. 191: 835 - 846. [refID 64]

Clackson, T. and Wells, J. A.. (1995). "A hot spot of binding energy in a hormone-receptor interface". Science 267: 383 - 386. [refID 7]

Cunningham, B. C. and Wells, J. A.. (1989). "High-resolution epitope mapping of hGH-receptor interactions by alanine-scanning mutagenesis". Science 244: 1081 - 1085. [refID 8]

Cunningham, B. C. and Wells, J. A.. (1991). "Rational design of receptor-specific variants of human growth hormone". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3407 - 3411. [refID 9]

Cunningham, B. C. and Wells, J. A.. (1993). "Comparison of a structural and a functional epitope". J. Mol. Biol. 234: 554 - 563. [refID 10]

Dall'Acqua, W., Goldman, E. R., Eisenstein, E. and Mariuzza, R. A.. (1996). "A mutational analysis of the binding of two different proteins to the same antibody". Biochemistry 35: 9667 - 9676. [refID 11]

Dall'Acqua, W., Goldman, E. R., Lin, W., Teng, C., Tsuchiya, D., Li, H., Ysern, X., Braden, B. C., Li, Y., Smith-Gill, S. J. and Mariuzza, R. A.. (1998). "A mutational analysis of binding interactions in an antigen-antibody protein-protein complex". Biochemistry 37: 7981 - 7991. [refID 12]

Davis, S. J., Davies, E. A., Tucknott, M. G., Jones, E. and Merwe, P.. (1998). "The role of charged residues mediating low affinity protein-protein recognition at the cell surface by CD2". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 5490 - 5494. [refID 13][Available online]

Dennis, M. S., Carter, P. and Lazarus, R. A.. (1993). "Binding interactions of kistrin with platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa: analysis by site-directed mutagenesis". Proteins: Struct. Func. Genet. 15: 312 - 321. [refID 14]

Dhalluin, C., Carlson, J. E., Zeng, L., He, C., Aggarwal, A. K., and Zhou, M.-M.. (1999). "Structure and ligand of a histone acetyltransferase bromodomain". Nature 399: 491 - 496. [refID 74]

Dickinson, C. D., Kelly, C. R. and Ruf, W.. (1996). "Identification of surface residues mediating tissue factor binding and catalytic function of the serine protease factor VIIa". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14379 - 14383. [refID 15][Available online]

Ducancel, F., Merienne, K., Fromen-Romano, C., Tremeau, O., Pillet, L., Drevet, P., Zinn-Justin, S., Boulain, J. and Menez, A.. (1996). "Mimicry between receptors and antibodies". J. Biol. Chem. 271: 31345 - 31353. [refID 16]

Duncan, A. R. and Winter, G.. (1988). "The binding site for C1q on IgG". Nature 332: 738 - 740. [refID 17]

Gibbs, C. S., McCurday, S. N., Leung, L. L. and Paborsky, L. R.. (1994). "Identification of the factor VIIa bidning site of tissue factor by homologous loop swap and alanine scanning mutatgenesis". Biochemistry 33: 14003 - 14010. [refID 18]

Goldman, E. R., Dall'Acqua, W., Braden, B. C. and Mariuzza, R. A.. (1997). "Analysis of binding interactions in an idiotope-antiidiotope protein-protein complex by double mutant cycles". Biochemistry 36: 49 - 56. [refID 19]

Goldstein, S. A., Pheasant, D. J. and Miller, C.. (1994). "The charybdotoxin receptor of a Shaker K+ channel: peptide and channel residues mediating molecular recognition". Neuron 12: 1377 - 1388. [refID 20]

Hatta, T., Konishi, H., Katoh, E., Natsume, T., Ueno, N., Kobayashi, Y., Yamazaki, T.. (2000). "Identification of the Ligand -Binding Site of the BMP Type IA Receptot for BMP-4". Biopolymers 55: 399 - 406. [refID 75][Available online]

Hawkins, R. E., Russell, S. J., Baier, M. and Winter, G.. (1993). "The contribution of contact and non-contact residues of antibody in the affinity of binding to antigen". J. Mol. Biol. 234: 958 - 964. [refID 21]

He, Z., Crist, M., Yen, H.-C., Duan, X., Quiocho, F. A., and Gimble, F. S.. (1998). "Amino acid residues in both the protein splicing and endonuclease domains of the PI-SceI intein mediate DNA binding". J. Biol. Chem. 273: 4607 - 4615. [refID 71][Available online]

Hebert, C. A., Chuntharapai, A., Smith, M., Colby, T., Kim, J. and Horuk, R.. (1993). "Partial functional mapping of the human interleukin-8 type A receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 268: 18549 - 18553. [refID 23]

Hebert, C. A., Vitangcol, R. V. and Baker, J. B.. (1991). "Scanning mutagenesis of interleukin-8 identifies a cluster of residues required for receptor binding". J. Biol. Chem. 266: 18989 - 18994. [refID 22]

Huang, M., Syed, R., Stura, E. A., Stone, M. J., Stefanko, R. S., Ruf, W., Edgington, T. A. and Wilson, I. A.. (1998). "The mechanism of an inhibitory antibody on TF-initiated blodd coagulation revealed by the crystal structures of human tissue factior, Fab 5G9, and TF-5G9 complex". J. Mol. Biol. 275: 873 - 894. [refID 24]

Imler, J., Miyajima, A. and Zurawski, G.. (1992). "Identification of three adjacent amino acids of interleukin-2 receptor $eta$ chain which control the affinity and the specificity of the interaction with interleukin-2". EMBO J. 11: 2047 - 2053. [refID 25]

Jacobsen, R. B., Koch, E. D., Lange-Malecki, B., Stocker, M., Verhey, J., Van Wagoner, R. M., Vyazovkina, A., Olivera, B. M., Terlau, H.. (2000). "Single amino acid substitutions in k-conotoxin PVIIA disrupt interaction with the shaker K+ channel". J. Biol. Chem 275: 24639 - 24644. [refID 69][Available online]

Jansson, M., Anderson, G., Uhlen, M., Nilsson, B. and Kordel, J.. (1998). "The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein 1 binding epitope on IGF-I probed by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and mutational analysis". J. Biol. Chem. 273: 24701 - 24707. [refID 26]

Jin, L., Fendly, B. M. and Wells, J. A.. (1992). "High resolution functional analysis of antibody-antigen interactions". J. Mol. Biol. 226: 851 - 865. [refID 27]

Kam-Morgan, L. N., Smith-Gill, S. J., Taylor, M. G., Zhang, L., Wilson, A. C. and Kirsch, J. F.. (1993). "High-resolution mapping of the HyHEL-10 epitope of chicken lysozyme by site-directed mutagenesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 3958 - 3962. [refID 28][Available online]

Kelley, R. F. and O'Connell, M. P.. (1993). "Thermodynamic analysis of an antibody functional epitope". Biochemistry 32: 6828 - 6835. [refID 29]

Kelley, R. F., Costas, K. E., O'Connell, M. P. and Lazarus, R. A.. (1995). "Analysis of the factor VIIa binding site on human tissue factor: effects of tissue factor mutations on the kinetics and thermodynamics of binding". Biochemistry 34: 10383 - 10392. [refID 30]

Kormos, J., Johnson, P. E., Brun, E., Tomme, P., McIntosh, L. P., Haynes, C. A., and Kilburn D.G.. (2000). "Binding site analysis of cellulose binding domain CBDN1 from endoglucanase C of Cellulomonas fimi by site-directed mutagenesis". Biochemistry 39: 8844 - 8852. [refID 70][Available online]

Leder, L., Llera, A., Lavoie, P. M., Lebedeva, M. I., Li, H., Sekaly, R.-P., Bohach, G. A., Gahr, P. J., Schlievert, P. M., Karjalainen, Mariuzza, R. A.. (1998). "A mutational analysis of the binding of staphylococcal enterotoxind B and C3 to the T cell receptor beta chain and major histocompatibility complex class II". J. Exp. Med. 187: 823 - 833. [refID 65][Available online]

Leong, S. R., Kabakoff, R. C. and Hebert, C. A.. (1994). "Complete mutagenesis of the extracellular domain of interleukin-8 (IL-8) type A receptor identifies charged residues mediating IL-8 binding and signal transduction". J. Biol. Chem. 269: 19343 - 19348. [refID 31]

Letzelter, F., Wang, Y. and Sebald, W.. (1998). "The interleukin-4 site-2 epitope determining binding of the common receptor $gamma$ chain". Eur. J. Biochem. 257: 11 - 20. [refID 32]

Li, W., Hamill, S. J., Hemmings, A. M., Moore, G. R., James, R. and Kleanthous, C.. (1998). "Dual recognition and the role of specificity-determining residues in colicin E9 DNase-immunity protein interactions". Biochemistry 37: 11771 - 11779. [refID 34]

Li, X., Rock, F., Chong, P., Cockle, S., Keating, A., Ziltner, H. and Klein, M.. (1993). "Structure-function analysis of the C-terminal segment of human interleukin-6". J. Biol. Chem. 268: 22377 - 22384. [refID 33]

Muller, Y. A., Chen, Y., Christinger, H. W., Li, B., Cunningham, B. C., Lowman, H. B. and Vos, A. M.. (1998). "VEGF and the Fab fragment of a humanized neutralizing antibody: crystal structure of the complex at 2.4 A resolution and mutational analysis of the interface". Structure 6: 1153 - 1167. [refID 36]

Muller, Y. A., Li, B., Christinger, H. W., Wells, J. A., Cunningham, B. C. and Vos, A. M.. (1997). "Vascular endothelial growth factor: crystal structure and functional mapping of the kinase domain receptor binding site". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 7192 - 7197. [refID 35][Available online]

Mynarcik, D. C., Yu, G. and Whittaker, J.. (1996). "Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of a C-terminal ligand binding domain of the insulin receptor $alpha$ subunit". J. Biol. Chem. 271: 2439 - 2442. [refID 37]

Okano, H., Cyert, M. C. and Ohya, Y.. (1998). "Importance of phenylalanine residues of yeast calmodulin for target binding and activation". J. Biol. Chem. 273: 26375 - 26382. [refID 38]

Rajpal, A., Taylor, M. G. and Kirsch, J. F.. (1998). "Quantitatiove evaluation of the chicken lysozyme epitope in the HyHEL-10 Fab complex: free energies and kinetics". Prot. Sci. 7: 1868 - 1874. [refID 40]

Ranganathan, R., Lewis, J. H. and MacKinnon, R.. (1996). "Spatial localization of the K+ channel selectivity filter by mutant cycle-based structure analysis". Neuron 16: 131 - 139. [refID 41]

Reidhaar-Olson, J. F., Souza-Hart, J. A. and Selick, H. E.. (1996). "Identification of residues critical to the activity of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor". Biochemistry 35: 9034 - 9041. [refID 42]

Ruf, W., Kelley, C. R., Schullek, J. R., Martin, D. M., Polikarpov, I., Boys, C. G., Tuddenham, E. G. and Edgington, T. S.. (1995). "Energetic contributions and topographical organization of ligand binding residues of tissue factor". Biochemistry 34: 6310 - 6315. [refID 45]

Ruf, W., Miles, D. J., Rehemtulla, A. and Edgington, T. S.. (1992). "Tissue factor residues 157--167 are required for efficient proteolytic activation of factor X and factor VII". J. Biol. Chem. 267: 22206 - 22210. [refID 43]

Ruf, W., Schullek, J. R., Stone, M. J. and Edgington, T. S.. (1994). "Mutational mapping of function residues in tissue factor: identification of factor VII recognition determinants in both structural modules of the predicted cytokine receptor homology domain". Biochemistry 33: 1565 - 1572. [refID 44]

Sauve, K., Nachman, M., Spence, C., Bailon, P., Campbel, E., Tsien, W., Kondas, J., Hakimi, J. and Ju, G.. (1991). "Localization in human interleukin 2 of the binding site to the $alpha$ chain (p55) of the interleukin 2 receptor". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4636 - 4640. [refID 46][Available online]

Schluter, K., Schleicher, M., , . and Jocksuch, B.. (1998). "Effects of single amino acid substitutions in the actin binding site on the biological activity of bovine profilin I". J. Cell Sci. 111: 3261 - 3273. [refID 63]

Schreiber, G. and Fersht, A. R.. (1993). "Interaction of barnase with its polypeptide inhibitor barstar studied by protein engineering". Biochemistry 32: 5145 - 5150. [refID 47]

Schreiber, G. and Fersht, A. R.. (1995). "Energetics of protein-protein interactions: analysis of the barnase-barstar interface by single mutations and double mutant cycles". J. Mol. Biol. 248: 478 - 486. [refID 48]

Schwesinger, F., Ros, R., Strunz, T., Anselmetti, D., Guntherodt, J.-J., Honegger, A., Jermutus, L., Tiefenauer, L., and Pluckthun, A.. (2000). "Unbinding forces of single antibody-antigen complexes correlate with their thermal dissociation rates". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 9972 - 9977. [refID 66][Available online]

Shapiro, R. and Vallee, B. L.. (1989). "Site-directed mutagenesis of histidine-13 and histidine-114 of human angiogenin. Alanine derivatives inhibit angiogenin-induced angiogenesis". Biochemistry 28: 7401 - 7408. [refID 49]

Shapiro, R. and Vallee, B. L.. (1992). "Identification of functional arginines in human angiogenin by site-directed mutagenesis". Biochemistry 31: 12477 - 12485. [refID 50]

Shapiro, R., Ruiz-Gutierrez, M., Chen, C.-Z.. (2000). "Analysis of the interactions of human ribonuclease inhibitor with angiogenin and ribonuclease A by mutagenesis: importance of inhibitor residues inside versus outside the C-terminal \"hot-spot\"". J. Mol. Biol. 302: 497 - 519. [refID 67][Available online]

Smith, L. A., Reid, P. F., Wang, F. C., Parcej, D. J., Schmidt, J. J., Olson, M. A. and Dolly, J.. (1997). "Site-directed mutagenesis of dendrotoxin K reveals amino acids critical for its interaction with neuronal K+ channels". Biochemistry 36: 7690 - 7696. [refID 51]

Springer, B. A., Pantoliano, M. W., Barbera, F. A., Gunyuzlu, P. L., Thompson, L. D., Herblin, W. F., Rosenfeld, S. A. and Book, G. W.. (1994). "Identification and concerted function of two receptor binding surfaces on basic fibroblast growth factor required for mitogenesis". J. Biol. Chem. 269: 26879 - 26884. [refID 53]

Tahiri, B., Auzou, G. Nicolas, J.-C., Sultan, C., Lupo, B.. (2001). "Participation of critical residues from the extreme C-terminal end of the human androgen receptor in the ligand binding function". Biochem. 40: 8431 - 8437. [refID 77][Available online]

Tsumoto, K., Ogasahara, K., Ueda, Y., Watanabe, K., Yutani, K. and Kumagai, I.. (1995). "Role of Tyr residues in the contact region of anti-lysozyme monoclonal antibody HyHEL10 for antigen binding". J. Biol. Chem. 270: 18551 - 18557. [refID 54]

Urfer, R., Tsoulfas, P., Soppet, D., Escandon, E., Parada, L. F. and Presta, L. G.. (1994). "The binding epitopes of neurotrophin-3 to its receptors trkC and gp75 and the design of a multifunctional human neurotrophin". EMBO J. 13: 5896 - 5909. [refID 55]

Wallis, R., Leung, K., Osborne, M. J., James, R., Moore, G. R. and Kleanthous, C.. (1998). "Specificity in protein-protein recognition: conserved Im9 residues are the major determinants of stability in the colicin E9 DNase-Im9 complex". Biochemistry 37: 476 - 485. [refID 56]

Wang, Y., Shen, B. and Sebald, W.. (1997). "A mixed charge pair in human interleukin 4 dominates high-affinity interaction with the receptor $alpha$ chain". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1657 - 1662. [refID 57][Available online]

Williams, P. F., Mynarcik, D. C., Yu, G. and Whittaker, J.. (1995). "Mapping of an NH2-terminal ligand binding site of the insulin receptor by alanine scanning mutagenesis". J. Biol. Chem. 270: 3012 - 3016. [refID 59]

Xiang,. (2001). "Determination". J. 276: 17380 - 17386. [refID 76][Available online]

Yang, M., Chen, X.-P., Militello, K., Hoffman, R., Fernandez, B., Baumann, C., Bollnick, P.. (1997). "Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of Bacillus subtilis trp RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP) reveals residues invloved in tryptophan binding and RNA binding". J. Mol. Biol. 270: 696 - 710. [refID 72][Available online]

Young, D. C., Zhan, H., Cheng, Q., Hou, J. and Matthews, D. J.. (1997). "Characterization of the receptor binding determinants of granulocyte colony stimulating factor". Prot. Sci. 6: 1228 - 1236. [refID 60]

Zhu, H., Ramnarayan, K., Anchin, J., Miao, W. Y., Sereno, A., Millman, L., Zheng, J., Balaji, V. and Wolff, M. E.. (1995). "Glu-96 of basic fibroblast growth factor is essential for high affinity receptor binding". J. Biol. Chem. 270: 21869 - 21874. [refID 61]

Zurawski, S. M., Vega, F., Jr., J., Doyle, E. L., Huyghe, B., Flaherty, K., McKay, D. B. and Zurawski, G.. (1993). "Definition and spatial location of mouse interleukin-2 residues that interact with its heterotrimeric receptor". EMBO J. 12: 5113 - 5119. [refID 62]